APM can be described as a mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in a gaseous state (air). Generally, the size frequency of the particles has a distribution, with two main peaks at about 0.2 micrometers and at about 10 micrometers. One can also classify particles sizes according to sources of origin. Particles of a size less than 2 micrometers can be attributed mainly to combustion processes (anthropogenic activity) or gas-to-particle conversion. Particles larger than 2 micrometers are mostly derived from mechanical processes (e.g. soil erosion) or incomplete combustion (IAEA: Parr et al. 1996). The uncertainty in fine particulate aerosols concentrations and chemistry' significantly limits are ability to assess the effect of natural human induced changes on global climate forcing and human health (Cohen et al, 2002)
Particulates in Khartoum's Atmosphere: - Br and Pb were found to be enriched in the aerosol. A ratio of Br/Pb in aerosol similar to the ratio in the burned petrol.
- Ca was found to be the major emitted element from Bahari industrial area site. Fe. Co. Br and Pb were also emitted from this site.
- Fe is the major emitted element from Omdurman industrial area site, which also emitted Ca, Co, Br and Pb.
- The major emission of Pb was observed at Elthora Street.
- Co is the major emitted element from refinery site, which also emitted Ca, Fe. Br and Pb.
- The major emission of Br was observed at Khartoum industrial area site.
Table 1: Sampling sites, volume, and sampling duration | Location | Location Symbol | Volume of air sampled in (liters) | Sampling duration (hours) | Number of Samples | | Atomic Energy Commission(Khartoum) | SAEC | 11925 | 12 | 7 | | Abu Jenzee | Abu. J | 970 | 1 | 1 | | Elthowra Street | Th. St | 930 | 1 | 1 | | Omdurman Industrial Area | O. I.A | 990 | 1 | 1 | | El morda Street | M. St | 930 | 1 | 1 | | Cober Station | Co .S | 845 | 1 | 1 | | Bahari. Station | B.S | 3065 | 3 | 3 | | Bahari. Industrial Area | B. I.A | 1930 | 2 | 2 | | Blue Nile Bridge | B.N.B | 1990 | 2 | 2 | | Cober Bridge | C.B | 1890 | 2 | 2 | | Old White Nile Bridge | O.W.N.B | 1740 | 2 | 2 | | New White Nile Bridge | N.W.N.B | 1890 | 2 | 2 | | Atomic Energy Commission (Souba | A.T.A.C | 2770 | 3 | 3 | | Khartoum Industrial Area | K.I.A | 970 | 1 | 1 | | River Nile Bridge | R.N.B | 1860 | 2 | 2 | | Elhoria Bridge | E.B | 960 | 1 | 1 | | Khartoum Refinery | K.R | 3928 | 3.5 | 3 | | Rive r Island (Kanoor) | Kn | 11380 | 14.5 | 10 | | Industrial urea (Atabara) | At | 17580 | 15 | 10 | | Bus stations (Bahari) | B | 10760 | 11 | 8 | | Shambat Street | Sh.St | 3020 | 3 | 3 |
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