As an archipelago, Indonesia and its population are extremely vulnerable to sea-level rise,  with the 42 million people who live less than 10m above sea-level particularly at risk. A 1m rise in sea-level could inundate 405,000ha of land and reduce Indonesia‟s territory by inundating low-lying islands which mark its borders, and a 50cm rise in sea-level, combined  with land subsidence in Jakarta Bay, could permanently inundate densely populated areas of Jakarta and Bekasi with a population of 270,000.48 The impacts of climate change will be felt across many different sectors. Agricultural production will be disrupted by changing rainfall patterns, increased drought, inundation of productive coastal areas and an increase in the incidence and range of pests due to higher temperatures.49 It is difficult to predict local effects on production, however several studies suggest yields will decrease, for example farmers may no longer be able to plant 2 rice crops due to a shorter rainy season. Decreased rainfall in many areas, combined with higher temperatures and increased demand is likely to require water storage or water transfer mechanisms to equitably distribute diminished or more erratic water resources.50 Sea-level rise will disrupt coastal fish and prawn farming, and changing distribution of marine species may make fish catches less reliable.51 Increased floods are likely from sea-level rise and extreme rain events and are expected to increase the incidence of water-borne diseases such as cholera and dysentery, while increased temperatures will aid the spread of vector-borne diseases such as Dengue Fever (which increases during warm El Niño years) and Malaria into new areas.52 Climate change could negatively affect the attainment of the MDGs in Indonesia, for example reduced yields impacting on poverty reduction (MDG 1), or reduced availability and quality of water affecting health (MDGs 4,5 and 6). It is the poorest and most marginalized groups of the population, which will be most vulnerable to climate change, as they often live in hazard prone areas, and lack access to the resources and information needed to adapt. It is vital that adaptation efforts contribute to poverty alleviation, and that pro-poor development projects incorporate adaptation so that a changing climate does not reduce the effectiveness of poverty reduction efforts. (See Appendix 1 for a table of climate change impacts on the MDGs.)