Prior to the mid-1960s India relied on imports and food aid to meet domestic requirements. However, two years of severe drought in 1965 and 1966 convinced India to reform its agricultural policy, and that India could not rely on foreign aid and foreign imports for food security. India adopted significant policy reforms focused on the goal of foodgrain self-sufficiency. This ushered in India's Green Revolution. It began with the decision to adopt superior yielding, disease resistant wheat varieties in combination with better farming knowledge to improve productivity. The Indian state of Punjab led India's green revolution and earned itself the distinction of being the country's bread basket.

With agricultural policy success in wheat, India's Green Revolution technology spread to rice. However, since irrigation infrastructure was very poor, Indian farmer innovated with tube-wells, to harvest ground water. 

When gains from the new technology reached their limits in the states of initial adoption, the technology spread in the 1970s and 1980s to the states of eastern India — Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal.

These days a new innovation is on its way to change Indian agriculture.

A group of researchers at IIT Kharagpur have turned farmlands near the campus into a ?laboratory? to experiment with new agricultural technologies and help farmers whose land they have ?adopted? to improve their yield.

Around 10 kilometres away from the campus, the team adopted 14 acres of land from a group of farmers at Khentia village.Most of the land, in small fragments, was lying barren for the last few years. With hope in their eyes, the farmers agreed to turn in their farmlands to the IIT team.

The work began last November with tilling, ploughing and levelling of the fragmented plot to make it a single unit. ?We are introducing new technologies like SRI to increase rice yield with less water. To promote crop diversification, cash crop like sweet corn, peanut and soybeanhave been introduced,? project in-charge Prof P B S Bhadoria said.To encourage organic farming, they have started creating vermicompost units. The IIT team has dug up a tubewell and also made a pond for rainwater harvesting and pisciculture. 48-year-old Jagannath Das, who owns less than 20 decimal land, says he is now learning new things about growing crops.?We allowed them to take charge of our land because of the trust we have on such a large institution like IIT. Now we are learning new things as if our farmland has become a classroom,? Das said.

Youngster Abhishek Singhania, who studied metallurgy from IIT Madras and was working with the multinational PricewaterhouseCoopers, left his job in Saudi Arabia to join this ?green revolution? last month. ?After learning about the pathetic condition of our farmers I decided to help them by joining this project. My role is to convince farmers to adopt new technology,? he said.Once the harvesting is done next month, he will help the farmers get good prices for their produce, lest they fell into the trap of middlemen.?They need the right people to guide them at every stage of farming and marketing. I am trying to make this model a sustainable one so that once we leave they are able to do everything on their own,? Singhania says.

Project officer and agriculture expert Tanumoy Bera said they are using sustainable technology for optimum utilization of resources and minimum effect on the environment.

India and China are competing to establish the world record on rice yields. Yuan Longping of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Centre, China, set a world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19 tonnes per hectare in a demonstration plot. In 2011, this record was surpassed by an Indian farmer, Sumant Kumar, with 22.4 tonnes per hectare in Bihar, also in a demonstration plot. Both these farmers claim to have employed newly developed rice breeds and System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a recent innovation in rice farming.

SRI (System of Rice Intensification) needs 30-40 per cent less water and pesticides but gives a higher yield. Enthused by the success of the project, other farmers near the project area are also taking notes and have even approached the IIT to replicate the model.?We would be seeking funds from the industry and other organizations to adopt more villages for demonstration of technology for a smaller period of one year,? Bhadoria says.Khentia village, where the project would go on for a period of three years, would be developed as a model village under ?Unnat Bharat Abhiyan?.

In the next phase, they would introduce censor-based irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, soil testing kits, etc. ?The share of the produce would be shared among the farmers in the proportion of their land holding,? he says.