From the figure (attached with the report) it is evident that agricultural land, forest areas, open areas and water bodies have been compromised and used up in quest of developing residential area and other infrastructure. Rivers and water bodies have significantly been used up, most of them at present resemble open sewer however many have been enchroached to raise shelter for growing urban population. Rivers area has squeezed from 7% to 1%, however remaining 1% of those rivers are more like open sewer rather than river itself. According to ADB (2006) rivers have become major placesn for disposal of industrial efflents, as well as urban solid waste disposal. This is the principle cause of surface water pollution. (p.111)

It is also observed that population in this 80 years increased by almost 7 folds however road construction has only increased by 4%. Kathmandu valley which supports almost 2.5 million inhabitants  has population growth rate of 6% as compared to 2001. However infrastructure are not being able to bear the pressure of such growing population. According to a report the road density in different municipalities show that road congestion is high in case of Lalitpur and Kathmandu (Sharma, 2012). This means extension of road network is inadequate as compared to growing number of vehicles. Because of the same traffic jams are increasing in the roads along emission of GHG and other gases deteriorating air quality of the valley.

ADB in 2006 quoted that The deterioration in urban ambient air quality results fro vehicular emissions, industrial emissions, burning solid waste including plastics, construction work, poor maintenance ad narrow roads and adulteration of fuel. (p.112)

Fig: Road densities in different municipalities

(Source: Sharma, 2012)

Agricultural land and land use:

Similarly, Kathmandu valley which is supposed to be one of the most fertile land in the country has lost its agricultural land in course of urban development. According to Karki (1998), between 1984 and 1994 the urban area in the valley increased from 3096 Hectare (ha) to 8378 ha and 5282 ha of fertile agricultural land was lost in the process of unmanaged urbanization (ADB, 2006). From the figure it is observed that proportion of agricultural land has decreased from 52% in 1920 to 18% in 2003. It is predicted that by 2020 urban growth rate could take over all good arable land and cover 60% of the valley area (HMG/USAID, 1990 as cited in ADB, 2006).