Forest-land fires are one of the disasters that can be caused by humans. Forest fires have many negative impacts on the environment. This phenomenon is characterized by fires that spread rapidly and uncontrollably. The magnitude of the fire in forest fires is exacerbated by gusts of wind that can destroy the land and animals habitat in minutes. The problem of forest and land fires is a recurring event and occurs almost every year, especially in the dry season and gets worse when extreme climate phenomena occur. Forest-land fires can be caused by direct or indirect causes. The direct causes include fires used in land clearing, where fires can spread unintentionally or fires related to natural resource extraction. While the indirect causes are generally related to land tenure, land use allocation, to forest and land degradation. Besides these various factors, the incidence of forest fires that occur tends to spread out of control in long drought conditions due to extreme climatic conditions.

Rising temperatures and long-term droughts are the main cause of forest fires in various regions of the world. Another study states that the number of days a fire occurs each year also increases as global temperatures continue to increase. It was also found that the increase in temperature and water vapor pressure in the forest contributed to the threat of forest fires. In general, the impact of forest fires on the environment includes loss of habitat and living creatures, life loss, air and water pollution, global warming, food shortages, and disruption of facilities and the economy of a region. Forest and land fires cause enormous losses because they cause a decrease in biodiversity, increase in greenhouse gas emissions, and decrease soil quality and trigger public health problems. Nearly 99 percent of forest and land fires that occur in Indonesia are caused by anthropogenic factors or human activities. Human activities that can trigger forest and land fires include land clearing to build settlements and agricultural land by burning. Other human activities such as hunting and camping sometimes can also trigger land and forest fires.

Forest and land fires have serious impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity. Basically, the impact of forest-land fires on the biological environment including decreased levels of biodiversity, disruption of natural succession, disruption of organic matter production and decomposition processes. Forest and land fires have the potential to cause 95 percent of plant species to be burnt and die in drought. The increase in forest degradation and deforestation results in the loss of biodiversity in the form of ecosystems, species and genetic resources as well as environmental services. The burning location causes the land to be opened so that the land is exposed to direct sunlight. Thus, this will reduce the function of the land as a provider of nutrients for the plants on it and result in forest degeneration. In addition, fires also make the seeds of plants that are expected to grow in the rainy season become inactive and unable to grow properly. The loss of vegetation causes open land that is easily eroded, and can no longer be withstand flooding. Therefore, after the forest burns, floods often occur during the rainy season in various areas where the forest is burned.

There are several efforts to prevent forest and land fires that can be done, including the form of increasing emergency status, integrated patrols, air operations including air patrols, water bombing, making artificial rain/ Weather Modification Technology (TMC), and ground operations including independent patrols and early extinguishing. Governments and communities need to take collective action to prevent and control forest and land fires. The implementation of forest and land fire prevention efforts that include early detection and monitoring of hotspots and hotspots must be prioritized. In addition, the government needs to improve the infrastructure for monitoring forest and land fires, strengthen the capacity to deal with forest and land fires at the site level, intensify socialization to prevent corporations and residents from clearing land by burning, structuring peat ecosystems, increasing alertness in dealing with hotspots, and enforce the law on terms of forest management, without any compromise.