More than half of the annual economic and human losses due to natural disasters are caused by climate-related events, which hinders the socioeconomic progress of the nation. It is also recognized that human warming has amplified these disasters caused by extreme climate in recent decades, making them more severe and catastrophic. The Earth's climate has changed significantly as a result of the global warming. The main way most people experience climate change is through changes in extreme weather and climatic events, like heat waves and droughts. Some of these severe occurrences have already become more frequent and more intense due to human-caused climate change. Due to its complicated topography and wide variety in elevation, Nepal is a mountainous country with a highly changeable climate over a very limited region. The South Asian Monsoon and the Himalayas have a significant impact on Nepal's complicated seasonal weather patterns. Geographical (elevation), physical (closeness to water bodies), and urbanization factors at the regional and local levels all have an impact on climate extremes.

Extremes frequently involve physical mechanisms that are distinct from those that control long-term outcomes. While circulation changes are mostly responsible for changes in the average amount of precipitation, extremes are far more susceptible to the thermodynamic state and conditions on certain days. It is crucial to contrast and analyze trends and projections in means with those of uncommon events.

Developing nations are more susceptible to the extremes of climatic variability, and climate change is predicted to make some extreme weather occurrences and disasters more often and more powerful. The ability to adapt to climate change depends on current adaptation capability and the development paradigms that developing nations are pursuing. There are several models available for vulnerability and adaptation (V&A) assessments, and each has benefits and drawbacks. Investments in developing nations are more concentrated on disaster recovery than on the development of adaptive capability. Extreme weather conditions increase the debt load on emerging nations. A greater ability to control catastrophic weather occurrences can lessen the extent of the harm done to the economy, society, and people, and eventually, investments in terms of borrowing money from lending institutions. Long-term sustainable development planning in underdeveloped nations must account for climate vulnerability, catastrophe management, and adaptation. Instead of only funding recovery efforts and infrastructure development in developing nations, lending agencies and donors need to rethink their investment strategies to place a stronger emphasis on capacity building. Threat assessment is the best indicator of how many intended adaptation strategies will be implemented in response to slow-onset hazards (such as heat waves and cold spells), whereas coping assessment is the main indicator of how many intended adaptation strategies will be implemented to reduce the risk of flooding, a rapid-onset hazard. Farmers' top two choices for flood adaptation are crop insurance and off-farm employment, while crop insurance is their top choice for heat waves and cold snaps.

References:

https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/nepal/extremes

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270896359_Extreme_Weather_Events_in_Nepal_Trends_and_Projections

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3763/cpol.2003.0330

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11069-020-04127-0