Extremes weather refers to any unique and unusual weather phenomenon at any place. Extreme weather value differs from average long-term value. Extreme weather in a place can be observed as a result of geography (Elevation), physical circumstances (proximity of water body), urbanization at the local or regional level. Example: The temperature of any place in August has increased by 2 degrees more than the average temperature in August of the past 5 years. The unusual weather can be seen these days more often than past few years. The reason behind this is climate change which has been hitting its effect on each country.

The analysis of past climatic data shows that the climate in Nepal is changing. The data also reveals that the warming trend is not uniform in Nepal instead varies with elevation and topography. The maximum temperature in Nepal has increased at the rate of 0.04-0.06 degrees Celsius per year. (NAPA,2010). The increase in temperature is more in the Himalayan and mountain region of Nepal than in the plain region. (Baidya, Shrestha, & Sheikh, 2008).    The increased temperature in northern Nepal has resulted from the increase in the rate of glacier melt and increased risk of GLOFs (Glacial Lake Outburst Floods). There is evidence of glaciers melting more rapidly causing the formation of new glacier lakes. The threats of glacier lake outburst floods and increasing frequency of
snow avalanches are becoming a serious challenge in Nepal (Gautam & Dulal, 2013). The overall precipitation and temperature are decreasing (not statistically significant) and increasing (statistically significant) in Nepal. The mean temperature has increased by 0.76 degree Celsius during the last 45 years. . (Awasthi & Owen, 2020) This increase is quite higher than the global increasing rate (Alexander,2016).

I have experience with extreme weather events like extreme hot in the summer and extreme cold in 2022.  Last year, Nepal has been hit with unseasonal downpours that dumped more rain on rice crops that were ready for harvest across the country. This has resulted in huge losses to farmers as well as the nation’s economy. More than 100mm of rain fell in 24 hours in most parts of western Nepal, which has been the worst affected so far as a late-monsoon depression from the Bay of Bengal was swept into the Himalayas by a westerly system.

References :

Awasthi, R. P., & Owen, J. S. (2020). Observed Climate Extreme in Nepal. The Geographic Base, 7, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3126/tgb.v7i0.34262

Gautam, D. K., & Dulal, K. N. (2013). Determination of threshold Runoff for flood
early warning in Nepalese rivers. IDRiM J 3:126–136

 Baidya, S. K., Shrestha, M. L., Sheikh, M. M. (2008). Trends in daily climatic extremes
of temperature and precipitation in Nepal. J. Hydrol. Meteorol. 5(1): 38–50.