Extreme weather refers to the condition when a weather event is significantly different from the average or usual weather pattern. This condition may take place within one particular day or a joint period of time.

Extreme events are defined as occurring in the increasingly ten percent of all previous events based on a location's historical meteorological data. The three primary categories of extreme weather are tropical cyclones, heat waves, and cold waves. Human fatalities, droughts, floods, landslides, and other ecological changes are all results of extreme weather occurrences.

There is an evidence to suggest that some severe weather events are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change. With several regions getting more than double the climatological rainfall, the October 2019 to the middle of 2020’s rains across East Africa were one of the wettest seasons on record, causing floods and landslides. Warm sea surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean and the rainy weather were linked by the positive Indian Ocean Dipole event. Above normal rainfall during the season was appropriately forecasted by seasonal predictions. According to climate model simulations, these occurrences could grow more frequent in the future.

For example, In East Africa in 2020, there were 6 million flood victims. The year was among the wettest ever recorded. Additionally, 2019's brief showers were drier than typical. Numerous lakes saw very high water levels. The level of Lake Victoria reached a new record. People were relocated and their livelihoods were devastated by the rising Lakes. According to current climate estimates, the lake levels are likely to increase at record rates for some time to come.

The River Nile reached a height of 17.43 meters in August 2020, the highest since records have been kept more than a century ago. Models for the Nile area indicate that the river's flow will grow by 15% and that the yearly quantity of water will vary

Furthermore, the oceans take in around 90% of the heat caused by humans. According to reports, the ocean that is warming up the fastest is the Indian Ocean. As a result, tropical cyclones that affect East and Southern Africa are occurring more frequently and with greater severity. Mozambique and Somalia had the two worst tropical cyclones on record in 2018 and 2019. Cyclone damage increasingly affects interior nations like Zimbabwe, Malawi, and Saudi Arabia in addition to coastal ones.