What are known as "catalytic converters" have a 98% efficiency in extracting the pollutants when utilised in cars and factories. When investigating air quality data following the usage of these gadgets, there is a clear indication to support the benefits of catalytic converters. However, this was simply an innovative solution in the 1950s. It faced many problems, with the major one being its cost, as it often requires the usage of precious metals in order to function. Another problem is regarding its inefficiency, as a large portion of the catalyst does not reach the polluted air.

Thus, developments were made in this field, wherein researchers got inspiration from the design of a buttefly's wing. They discovered that replicating its nanoscale arrangement in the design of a catalytic converter would allow more of the catalyst to reach the air. Doing so ultimately increases the tool's efficiency and lowers the cost of producing them.