Weather is the condition of the atmosphere at a particular place and
Time.Climate is the average pattern of weather in a place.
 
GLOBAL WARMING is the increase of the Earth’s average surface temperature due to a build-up of green CLIMATE CHANGE is a broader term that refers to long-term changes in climate, including average temperature and precipitation.house gases in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases maintain the earth’s temperature through GREENHOUSE EFFECT.
 
 
GLOBAL WARMING AND ITS EFFECTS
•Global warming is happening and it is
continuous.
•It is estimated that average annual
temperature rise of is about 0.8°C .
•Global warming is rising due to higher
quantity of green house gases mainly
CO2 produced from burning of fossil fuels
that is being emitted into the atmosphere
from human activities
•It is expected to rise about 2°C by 2050
and 4°C by end of this century.
Global warming impacts in
Nepal
 •Our country nepal is also not free from
the impacts of global warming .
• The average annual temperature rise
is about 0.6°C
•Higher Himalayas are facing a high of
0.8°C and low land plains are facing
0.4°C of temperature rise.
What is climate change:
Any change in climate overtime, whether due to
natural Variability or as result of human activities is
the Climate Change. (IPCC 2004)
Climate Change refers to a statistically significant
variation in either the mean state of the climate or in
its variability which may be due to natural processes
or external forcing, or to persistent anthropogenic
changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in
land use” (IPCC, 2001).
Climate encompasses the long-run pattern of
numerous meteorological factors (e.g. Temperature,
humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall,
sunshine etc.) in a given location or larger region.
(Gutierrez 2010)
The average temperature of the earth’s surface has
risen by 0.74 degree Centigrade since the late 1800s
(IPCC, 2007).
EVIDENCE FOR CLIMATE CHANGE
1. 20th C was hottest in the past 1000 years
2. Global temp has risen 0.6°C (1.1°F) since 1861
3. 16 warmest years on record since 1980, 10 warmest
since 1990
4. Glaciers and sea ice are melting
5. Sea level has risen 100-200 cm over 20th C
Why Agriculture vulnerable to climate change ?
 
1 Highly diverse nature
2.High rainfall dependency (2/3rd area rain dependent)
3. Inadequate infrastructure facilities for supply of quality inputs
4. Rapid degradation of soil and loss of soil fertility and nutrient levels
5.Poor resources base of the farmers
6. Poor technology penetration
CLIMATE CHANGE SITUATION IN NEPAL
• Nepal is one of the most
vulnerable (4th) countries in
terms of climate change;
• Globally Nepal emits only 0.025
  percent of total GHG emissions ;
• especially threatening the vital
  biodiversity, water, energy and
food security.
• Rapid melting of glaciers,
 formation of new supraglacial
 lakes, expansion of existing
 lakes, and disappearing of some
 small lakes have been noticed.
CLIMATE CHANGE EVIDENCE IN NEPAL
 • Rise in maximum temperature at an annual rate of
  0.04 – 0.06o C (MoE, NAPA 2010).High mountains are
  warming faster (0.08o C per year) than lower hills
  and the plains (0.04o C per year).
• Nepal is responsible for only about 0.025% of total
  annual greenhouse gas emissions of the world
  (Karki, 2007)
• Over two million Nepalese people depend on
  climate sensitive sectors like agriculture and forestry
  for their livelihood (Garg et al., 2007).
CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO IN NEPAL
 
• OECD – mean annual temperature to increase by an
average of 1.20C by 2030, 1.70C by 2050 and 30C by 2100
against the baseline using the GCMs run with SRES B2
scenario
• Nepal Climate Vulnerability Study Team (NCVST) - mean
annual temperature to increase by 1.40C by 2030, 2.80C
by 2060 and 4.70C by 2090 using GCM and RCM
• Both studies show higher temperature increment for
winter compared to the monsoon season
• NCVST - higher increment of temperatures in western
and central Nepal compared to eastern Nepal for the
year 2030, 2060, and 2090.
 
IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN NEPAL
• IPCC 4th Assessment Report submitted estimates that
by 2050 crop yields in South Asia can decrease by up
to 30%.
• Increase in pests, diseases and invasive species owing
to temperature change affect agricultural
productivity resulting in food insecurity and loss of
livelihoods.
• Atmospheric CO2 concentration will reduce Nepal’s
forest types from 15 to 12, and habitats and
ecosystem
• The adverse impacts on the Himalayas are expected
to affect both the upland and lowland systems,
especially threatening the vital biodiversity, water,
energy and food security;
Long–term impacts
• Agriculture and food security: 34.7% GDP of Nepal is from
Agriculture (DOA, 2011). Overall crop yield (wheat, maize and
rice) could decrease in Nepal by up to 30% by the end of this
century (IPCC, 2007).
•Water resources: Projections for Nepal suggest a 20% loss of snow
and glaciated area with 1°C increase in temperature increasing
likelihood glacial lake outburst flooding (GLOF) (IPCC, 2007).
• Ecosystems and biodiversity: Tropical wet forest and warm
temperate rain forest will disappear, and cool temperate
vegetation will turn into warm temperate vegetation. Currently,
there is no rain forest in tropical and subtropical regions in the
Nepal, but a doubling in carbon dioxide would see an emergence
of rain forest in these regions (IPCC, 2007).
• Human health and migration: Increasing temperatures and
floods combined are likely to yield a spread in pathogen and
insect borne diseases and exposure of communities to diseased
that they have no experience of or immunity to. Human casualties
and migration following extreme weather.
Disease due to climate change:
1.Rice - blasts, sheath blight, and brown spots
2.Wheat- stem rusts such as yellow rust, black rusts
3.Maize – foliar blight (dollar disease)
4.Lentil and chick peas- Botrytis Gray Mosaic Virus (BGM)
5.Lentil- Lentil blight (organisms not known)
6.Potato- Late blight
7.Citrus- citrus cancer, greening virus, powdery mildews
 
 Nepal’s economy is overwhelmingly
dependent on agriculture. Approximately
40% of the country’s GDP came from
agriculture in 2000; down from 52% in 1990
• A heavy reliance on tourism and agriculture
makes Nepal’s economy very sensitive to
climate variability (World Bank, 2002).
• The temperature difference are most
pronounced during winter season and least
after the summer monsoon begins (Shrestha
et al., 2000).
• Glacial retreat not only contributes to the
variability in river and stream flows but also
can be an additional source of risk to
agriculture.