The emission of carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, contributes to the accumulation of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. This accumulation acts like a blanket, trapping heat and leading to disruptions in the climate. As a result of excessive carbon dioxide, ecosystems are being altered, food webs are weakened, and global-scale changes are occurring in the oceans. The increased greenhouse effect caused by climate change leads to higher energy absorption from the sun, resulting in rising sea surface temperatures and sea levels. Consequently, marine life is facing major population decline   due to these environmental shifts.

Reducing excess carbon dioxide is the key to getting our climate system back under control. Despite the high costs and practical challenges, geoengineering remains an intriguing area that holds potential for global impact. As technology advances, these methods may gain popularity. There are three strategies that are worth exploration: Carbon dioxide capture, ocean fertilization and ocean upwelling.

Carbon dioxide capture (CCS) aims to reduce emissions from fossil fuel-based power plants and industrial processes. CO2 is captured and separated from other gasses using methods like carbon scrubbing with amines. Transported via pipelines, the captured CO2 is sequestered underground in exhausted oil fields, saline aquifers, or mineralized into stable carbonates. CCS shows promise as a climate change mitigation tool, but challenges remain regarding cost, energy requirements, and long-term storage security. Ongoing research and advancements are crucial for effective implementation and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

Ocean Fertilization involves dumping Iron Sulphates or other nutrients into the ocean to increase populations of phytoplankton. These plankton will absorb CO2 and then die, storing carbon. However, there have been high amounts of opposition towards this approach due to the lack of understanding regarding its potential impacts, as well as the ambiguity surrounding the existing regulations governing its implementation.

Ocean Upwelling is a natural phenomenon caused by surface winds displacing warm water, allowing cooler, nutrient-rich water to rise and support higher phytoplankton populations. As a geoengineering concept, it proposes the use of pipes to artificially pump cold water to the ocean's surface, fostering phytoplankton growth and enhancing CO2 absorption. However, research on this approach is limited, and its practical feasibility remains uncertain.

In conclusion, geoengineering offers innovative solutions to address the pressing environmental challenges we face and may be effective in the fight against climate change. However, despite the promise it holds, the field of geoengineering remains relatively unexplored and under-researched. Ethical concerns, environmental risks, and uncertainty surrounding the effectiveness of these techniques call for careful and comprehensive scientific investigation.