Space Debris: What Can We Do About Them?

Space debris, also known as space junk or orbital debris, refers to the collection of human-made objects that are orbiting the Earth but no longer serve any useful purpose. These objects’ types and sizes range from old satellites, spent rocket stages, fragments from explosions or collisions, discarded equipment, to even flecks of paint. 

This accumulation of space debris is a result of decades of space exploration and satellite operations. Since the launch of the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1 in 1957, thousands of satellites have been sent into space by various countries and commercial entities. Over time, these satellites can become non-functional or reach the end of their operational lives. Additionally, accidental collisions between satellites or with fragments from previous space activities can generate further debris.

According to the USA's National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), there are approximately 23,000 pieces of debris larger than the size of a softball floating around our planet at this moment, which travel at speeds up to 17,500 mph. These fragments pose a significant threat to space exploration and satellite operations. As the number of satellites and human-made objects in space continues to grow, addressing the issue of space debris becomes crucial for the sustainability of future space activities.

Collisions with space debris can result in the destruction of valuable assets, such as communication satellites or weather monitoring instruments, which can disrupt vital services on Earth. Moreover, the creation of new debris through collisions generates a cascading effect known as the Kessler Syndrome, where the density of debris increases to the point where it becomes self-sustaining and poses an even greater threat to future space missions (Wall).

Scientists and engineers around the world are actively working on solutions to mitigate and manage space debris. One approach is to develop technologies that can actively remove debris from orbit. Several concepts have been proposed, including robotic arms, nets, harpoons, and lasers that can either capture or push debris out of harm's way. These technologies aim to either deorbit the debris, causing it to burn up in the Earth's atmosphere, or redirect it to less crowded orbits.

Another approach is to improve space debris monitoring and tracking systems. By accurately cataloging and predicting the trajectories of existing debris, satellite operators can avoid potential collisions by adjusting the orbits of their spacecraft. Additionally, advanced tracking systems can help identify potential collision risks and enable timely evasive maneuvers.

Furthermore, the prevention of new space debris is crucial. Governments, space agencies, and private companies are adopting guidelines and regulations to encourage responsible space practices. This includes designing satellites and rockets with built-in mechanisms for controlled re-entry or safe disposal after their operational life ends, such as SpaceX’s new technology of reusable rockets. Limiting the release of space debris during satellite launches and minimizing the creation of fragmentation debris during satellite collisions are also essential steps to reduce the overall debris population.

International collaboration is key in addressing the space debris challenge. Efforts such as the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) and the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNCOPUOS) have already been made as an aim to foster cooperation among nations and establish common guidelines for debris mitigation.

In conclusion, space debris is a growing concern that requires immediate attention. By developing technologies to remove debris, improving monitoring systems, preventing the creation of new debris, and fostering international collaboration, we can work towards a sustainable and clutter-free space environment. It is our responsibility to protect the future of space exploration and ensure the safety and functionality of satellites that play a vital role in our everyday lives.

Bibliography:

“Space Debris and Human Spacecraft.” NASA, 2019, www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/orbital_debris.html. Accessed 27 June 2023.

Wall, Mike. “Kessler Syndrome and the Space Debris Problem.” Space.com, Space, 15 Nov. 2021, www.space.com/kessler-syndrome-space-debris. Accessed 27 June 2023.