INTRODUCTION
Environmental ideologies and environmental management are two concepts which have great effect on spatial response, and these effects can either be negative or positive. Some environmental ideologies include environmentalism of the poor, the cult of wilderness, Conservationism and Marxism. While environmental management strategies include fish barns, forest reserves, game parks and others to be discussed later. Environmental ideologies seem to have an impact on the various environmental management strategies, seeing that environmental management is dependent on the people and the people will manage the environment according to the ideologies pursued. This whole chain will result in various spatial responses. One would therefore assert that: spatial response is more a function of environmental ideologies than environmental management. Different arguments arise as to whether the assertion is true or false, and for this reason the paper attempts to find the reality in this particular assertion. In so doing, major concepts will first be defined then the effects of environmental ideologies and environmental management on spatial response will respectively be shown, and thereafter a rational conclusion shall be drawn.
DEFINITION OF CONCEPTS
Environmental management could be defined as the measures and controls undertaken at individual, community, national and international levels and directed at environmental conservation so as to ensure natural resource allocation and utilization is in a manner that will improve the quality of life for present and future generations (UNESCO, 1993). Corbett defines an environmental ideology as “a way of thinking about the natural world that a person uses to justify actions toward it,” (Corbett 2009). Spatial response maybe defined as the feedback or reaction that whatever is in space gives, be it individual species, a community or an entire ecosystem.
ENVIRONMENTAL IDEOLOGIES:
ENVIRONMENTALISM OF THE POOR
There are a lot of environmental ideologies that lead to different spatial responses around the world, however, the paper will concentrate on a few major ones. The first is what Corbett (2009) calls “environmentalism of the poor”. This ideology has the potential to become the main driving force to achieve an ecologically sustainable society. Corbett (2009) states that “this ideology suggest that the poor people who depend on the natural environment for survival tend to exploit the environment sustainably, that is, they really make sure the resources last as long as possible.” As Chambers (1987) said, with regard to effective development strategies, “the poor are not the problem, they are the solution”, and so environmentalism of the poor is seen to be more concerned with the environment. Martinez (2005) highlighted more on the relationship between poverty and environmental degradation.
Martinez argued that because the poor rely directly on the land and its natural resources, they have an intrinsic motivation to be careful managers of the environment. Quite simply, they have more to lose if they fail to act wisely on the environment and so it turns out that, because of this ideology, the spatial response of many forest ecosystems is positively affected in that forests become reserved or exploited sustainably. An example could be the actions by rubber tappers in Brazil which led to parts of Amazonia forests to be designated as an ‘extractive reserves’ that combine conservation and the use of forests as a human resource (Martinez 2002).
Another good example of environmentalism of the poor is the Chipko Movement in India around 1987. This was a resistance, by Indian villagers, to the destruction of Indian forests seeing that the forests of India are a typical resource for the subsistence of rural people throughout the country. This is both because of their direct provision food, fuel and fodder and because of their role in stabilizing soil and water resources. These forests have been increasingly felled for commerce and industry and thus these Indians resorted to the non-violence resistance (Bryn, 12: 2011).
THE CULT OF WILDERNES
This ideology advocates for the preservation of nature because of deeply held values that treat nature as sacred. The cult of wilderness is in harmony with the concept of conservation biology, which focuses on conserving living organisms. According to Rodger (1996) it enables people to preserve and continue enjoying their values while, in most cases unknowingly, at the same time conserving the natural environment. This ideology is being practiced and has influenced spatial response as shown in the examples below.
The cult of wilderness is practiced by the Tonga speaking people of Southern Zambia. According to Zulu (2011) Tongas have an annual traditional ceremony called the Lwiindi Gonde an occasion when Tonga people come together to celebrate harvest through cultural dancing. “They also pay homage to their ancestors and pray for rains at a sacred place called The Malende,” (ibid). Malende is a reserved shrub where Tongas believe their ancestral spirits dwell and so the area is declared sacred and should not be tempered with whatsoever circumstance.
Another example is in America. Ever since Thomas Jefferson, Americans had admired the country's natural resources, but now these resources were threatened by development. “The American experience had been defined by pioneers risking their safety to venture into the wild” (Jacobins, 2005). The wilderness has provided the potential for individual development of physical and mental strength. Jacobins (ibid) continues that Americans began to fear losing their virtue with the passing of the wilderness. There was only one response: preservation. This is actually a very practical environmentalism because not even a politician can be allowed to destruct such sacred places under what so ever circumstance.
MARXISM
Pioneered by two German philosophers, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Marxism is an economic and social-political worldview and method of socio-economic inquiry centered upon a materialist interpretation of history, a dialectical view of social change, and an analysis and critique of the development of capitalism (Schnaiberg and Gould, 2000). Capitalism is an economic system that is based on private ownership of the means of production and the creation of goods or services for profit (Ibid). Capitalism is thus regarded as the major cause for most of the environmental degradation of the world today because of its over emphasis on wealth creation. In other ways, Marxism suggests that if the capitalist system is abolished then climate change and its associated impacts maybe reduced.
Mong the countries influenced by Marxist and materialist perspectives include Cuba, Venezuela and Iran. These countries are purely influenced by this philosophy and that is the reason why they have always been communistic in all facets of life (Hollis, 2008). Such oppositions enables nations to be environmentally considerate in their developmental projects thereby prevention of environmental degradation.
URESTRAINED ENVIRONMENTALISM
According to Corbett (2009), this is an ideology in which there is a belief that the world revolves around humans, and the world’s resources are ripe for the picking. Nothing is limited and humans are given priority above everything else.
This ideology may be linked to Christians who believe that the human being was made supreme above all creatures, and among other Christians there are some who believe that the earth is a temporal place of abode as they await heaven when Jesus Christ returns. This would make some people to lose the touch of nature and exploit resources unsustainably all because soon Jesus will take them away from this earth.
CONSERVATIONISM
Conservationism is “a political, environmental and a social movement that seeks to protect natural resources including animal, fungus and plants species as well as their habitat for the future” Corbett (2009). This ideology recognizes that there should be some effort to conserve resources for future generations. The idea of conservation is still centralized around humans, and the desire to avoid damaging nature only for future human benefits.
In Zambia conservationism is practiced in the northern part of the country at Nkundalila falls where there is a pool that locals believe if anyone swim across they will drown and in this way biodiversity is conserved (ECZ 2009).
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
The decisions made by different individuals and social groups are affecting spatial response in so many ways. The management process involves planning, organizing, leading, controlling, decision making, problem solving and communicating, all of which determine how people will behave toward the environment and conversely how the environment will respond to these actions.
FISH BANS
This is a management practice whereby fishing is prohibited during the fish-breeding seasons so as to give chance to the fish species to reproduce. The Zambian government introduces fish bans from December to April on all major lakes and rivers except for Kariba and a few other private fish reserves. “Meanwhile the Zambian Government through the Department of Fisheries has launched 24 marine boats in 24 different community Zones” Mukuka (2009). The 24 marine boats are meant for the supervision and monitoring of fishing from first December to March 2010 (Ibid).
This management practice has an effect on the spatial response of the various Zambian water ecosystems in that when the fish ban season begins, more fish is reproduced and when the season ends the fish species reduce in number due overfishing and other illegal fishing methods.
GAME PARKS
Zambia’s wildlife is increasingly being threatened by poachers especially in the Luangwa Valley, and so the government in the colonial era resorted to establish Game Parks to conserve wildlife. The area conserved for biodiversity in national parks and game management areas is as high as 41.5%, which is a reasonable amount of land to conserving wildlife (ECZ: 2009) Zambia’s bio-diversity is protected in 19 national parks, 35 Game Management Areas (GMAs) and 488 national and local forest reserves, covering 8%, 23.6% and 9.6% of the country’s land area, respectively. (GRZ 2005).
OVERVIEW
Environmental ideologies seem to influence spatial response more than environmental management. For example, even when the government introduces strict management measures such as fish bans, fishermen tend to ignore this and continue to fish illegally because maybe they are pursuing the “unrestrained environmentalism” ideology which suggest that nothing is limited and humans are priority above all nature.
Spatial response is more a function of ideology when profit-making is involved. This is in the case of countries pursuing the Capitalist ideology, such as Zambia. An example in Zambia is when environmental management concerns where ignored for profit purposes during the reconstruction of Manda Hill shopping complex. An Environmental Impact Assessment was being carried out and before the final draft was released, constructions were already half way to completion despite the various effects that shop owner and customers suffered in the process. And the, then, Tourism Environment and Natural Resource minister C. Namugala, when confronted in Parliament in October 2009, said the “EIA should not hinder the development as all know very well that the new Shopping complex will create jobs and profit the nation” (Mwila 2009). On the other hand if the Capitalist ideology of development was not pursued and say Communism or Marxism was, it would have been a different story and procedures would have been followed in the best interest of the communities around the Shopping Complex.
Ideologies such as the cult of wilderness influence spatial response more than environmental management. Because of the deep values and beliefs that nature is sacred, the environment in that particular set up is conserved or preserved. However, if this ideology was not followed then a lot of these valued areas would have been turned into industrial sites or other businesses by the Capitalists.

CONCLUSION
It can rationally be concluded therefore that indeed spatial response is more a function of environmental ideologies then environmental management. The discussed environmental ideologies include environmentalism of the poor, the cult of wilderness, Marxism, Conservationism and Unrestrained Environmentalism, whereas the discussed environmental management practices include fish bans, national parks, forest reserves and game parks. The effectiveness of the Environmental management practices has been seen to be reliant upon the kind of environmental ideologies the community around is pursuing, and so environmental ideologies have a more influence on spatial response than environmental management.

References
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  20/08/12

Corbett B Jullia (2009) Environmenta Communication and the Public Sphere: Island Press

ECZ (2009) Creating and Protecting Zambia’s Wealth. PDF.

Hooper, S. (1999). Trends in Environmental Ideologies. Oxford University Press, London.

Jacobins, K. (2005). The Cult of Wilderness. Meirser Prints, California.

Martinez, J.A. (2002). ‘Environmentalism of the Poor.’ A report for UNRISD for the WSSD,   
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Mwila Mwaba (2009), http://www.Timesofzambia.co.za/blog_detail/parliament/EIA.   
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Rodger S Gottlieb (1996) Religion, Nature and Environment: Routledge, London

Zulu George (2011) Tongas and the Lwiindi Gonde: at http://www.postzambia.com.html. Consulted on 19/08/12.