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Free Report: INTERNATIONAL DAY OF DISASTER REDUCTION (IDDR) |
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by Zefania Mkingi | 30-10-2019 15:00
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INTRODUCTION 1.1 Definitions of key terms 1.2 Disaster Disasters, refers to the serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society at any scale due to hazardous events interacting with conditions of exposure, vulnerability and capacity leading to one or more of the follows: human, economic and environmental losses and impacts (UNISDR, 2009). 1.3 Disaster risk Refers to the potential disaster losses (in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets, and services) which could occur in a particular community or society over some specified future time period (UNISDR, 2002). 1.4 Vulnerability It is a set of prevailing conditions arising from various physical, social, economic and environmental factors which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards (Wisner 2003). 1.5 Resilience The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions (UNISDR, 2009). 1.6 Disaster risk management Refers to the systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, polices, and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and their possibility of disaster (Pelling, 2000). 1.7 Disaster risk reduction/Disaster reduction Is the concept and practices of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of disasters, this may be done through, reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse effects. 2.0 About International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction The International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction was started in 1989, after a call by the United Nations General Assembly for a day to promote a global culture of risk-awareness and disaster reduction. That includes disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness. . It was originally celebrated on the second Wednesday of October 1989, but after two decades the UN General Assembly formally designated 13 October as the annual date. The day celebrates how people and communities around the world are reducing their exposure to disasters and raising awareness about the importance of reining in the risks that they face. (UNDRR, 2018) 2.1 Previous editions of International Day for Disaster Reduction from 2000 to present. 2.1.1 Disaster Prevention, Education and Youth, 2000. The message conveyed in this year was it is important for future generations, as the leaders of tomorrow, to learn about the long-term aspects of environmental protection and to provide them with the necessary early education for a better understanding of both natural hazards and the way to prevent their disastrous impact on societies. The theme used was Disaster Prevention, Education and Youth” (IDDR, 2000) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2000. 2.1.2 Countering Disasters, Targeting Vulnerability, 2001. After the 2000 IDDR, in 2001 showed how vulnerability is increasing while no country is entirely safe, poorer countries in particular lack the capacity to and prevent and prepare for disasters. With the urban population of developing countries having reached more than 1.3 billion, people are forced to inhabit disaster-prone areas such as flood plains and deforested lands. The theme used was Countering Disasters, Targeting Vulnerability” (IDDR, 2001) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2001. 2.1.3 Sustainable mountain development, 2002. Following the IDDR of the year 2002 that encountered no community is immune from the threat of natural disasters, but mountain communities are particularly vulnerable. Poor land-use planning, environmental mismanagement, the lack of regulatory mechanisms and other human activities increase the risk that a disaster will occur, and worsen their effects when they do. The theme used was, Sustainable mountain development” (IDDR, 2002) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2002. 2.1.4 Turning the tide, 2003. This theme reminds us, during the International Year of Freshwater that the task is not just to preserve water resources to sustain life, but also to reduce the capacity of water to take life away. More than 90 per cent of all disasters occurring around the world today are related to water. (IDDR, 2003) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2003. 2.1.5 Today's disasters for tomorrow's hazards, 2004. The message conveyed in this year was from its theme that today's disasters for tomorrow's hazards” after a disaster, government authorities, businesses, community groups and individuals should all ask whether appropriate actions were taken to save life and property. All should work together to improve the chain of information and decision-making, so that their communities are better prepared should hazards strike again. (IDDR, 2004) 2.1.6 Microfinance and disaster risk reduction, 2005. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, Hurricane Katrina in the United States and the earthquake in Pakistan and India demonstrated that the poor usually suffer most from disasters. Microcredit is a useful tool for poverty reduction, but its potential to reduce the impact of disasters needs to be further explored. (IDDR, 2005) 2.1.7 Disaster risk reduction begins at school, 2006. In this year ISDR and the UN office aimed at educating more the scholars from different levels as they should also participate in education others after they have acquired the general risk reduction education with respect to their levels. It had the theme Disaster risk reduction begins at school. (IDDR, 2006) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2006. 2.1.8 Challenging the world's education authorities, 2007. Disaster risk reduction is about stronger building codes, sound land use planning, better Early Warning Systems (EWS), environmental management and evacuation plans and, above all, education. It is about making communities and individuals aware of their risk to natural hazards and how they can reduce their vulnerability. (IDDR, 2007) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2007. 2.1.9 Disaster risk reduction is everybody's business, 2008. The theme of this year carried the message on community involvement in disaster risk reduction that explained DRR is everybody's business. Governments, NGOs, civil society, international financial institutions and the private sector are urged to step up implementation of the Hyogo Framework. Disaster risk reduction is everybody's business. Only by investing in tangible risk reduction measures can we reduce vulnerability and protect development. (IDDR, 2008) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2008. 2.1.10 Hospitals Safe from Disasters, 2009. Beyond their practical importance, hospitals and health facilities have a unique value as symbols of public well-being. Making them safe from disasters is essential. UNISDR, WHO and the World Bank, marked the International Day by highlighting the campaign dedicated to Hospitals Safe from Disasters. (IDDR, 2009) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2009. 2.1.11 My City is Getting Ready! , 2010. In 2010, UNISDR called on its partners to play a more active role to protect cities against disasters. Urban risk was in the spotlight given the earthquakes in Haiti, Chile and New Zealand; floods and heavy rain in Pakistan, Eastern Europe, Mozambique; forest fires in Russia; and volcanic eruptions in Indonesia and Iceland. (IDDR, 2010) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2010. 2.1.12 Making Children and Young People Partners for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2011. Children and young people were the focus of the first edition of International Day for Disaster Reduction under the Step Up campaign, in 2011. All too often portrayed as victims of disaster and climate change, they can and should be encouraged to participate in disaster risk reduction and decision making. (IDDR, 2011) 2.1.13 Women and Girls: the [in] Visible Force of Resilience, 2012. In 2012, the day centred on women and girls. They are powerful agents of change, and have unique knowledge and skills, which are crucial when addressing or managing disaster risks. They must participate in poverty reduction, climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction that will shape their future and those of their families and communities (IDDRR, 2012) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2012. 2.1.14 Living with Disability and Disasters, 2013. The 2013 edition focussed on persons living with disabilities. They are among the most excluded in society, and their plight is magnified when a disaster strikes. More often than not, their unique contribution to helping communities prepare for and respond to disasters is also often overlooked. (IDDR, 2013) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2013. 2.1.15 Resilience is for Life, 2014. In 2014, the day highlighted the need for a more inclusive approach for older people in disaster risk reduction and recognized the critical role they can play in resilience-building through their experience and knowledge (IDDR, 2014) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2014. 2.1.16 Knowledge for Life, 2015. The focus of International Day for Disaster Reduction in 2015 was traditional, indigenous and local knowledge and the way that they complement modern science and add to an individuals and societies resilience. (IDDR, 2015) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015. Starting from 2016 to date The International Day for Disaster Reduction has based on the "Sendai Seven" campaign by UNDRR, centred on the seven global targets of the Sendai Framework of action. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 is the successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters. It was adopted on March 18, 2015 at the World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held in Sendai, Japan. The Sendai Framework is the outcome of stakeholder consultations initiated in March 2012 and inter-governmental negotiations held from July 2014 to March 2015, which were supported by the UNDRR upon the request of the UN General Assembly. UNDRR has been tasked to support the implementation, follow-up and review of the Sendai Framework. (UNDR, 2016) The Sendai Seven Campaign is an opportunity for all, including governments, local governments, community groups, civil society organizations, the private sector, international organizations and the UN family, to promote best practices at the international, regional and national level across all sectors, to reduce disaster risk and disaster losses , the first of which is reducing disaster mortality. The campaign sought to create a wave of awareness about actions taken to reduce mortality around the world. The Seven Global Targets 2016 Target (a): Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower the average per 100,000 global mortality rate in the decade 2020-2030 compared to the period 2005-2015; 2017 Target (b): Substantially reduce the number of people affected globally by 2030, aiming to lower the average global figure per 100,000 in the decade 2020-2030 compared to the period 2005-2015; 2018 Target (c): Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030; 2019 Target (d): Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030; 2020 Target (e): Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020; 2021 Target (f): Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries through adequate and sustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of the present Framework by 2030; 2022 Target (g): Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to people. 2.1.17 Live to tell, 2016. This was the first year of the Sendai Seven Campaign, which uses International Day for Disaster Reduction to draw attention to the seven targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 The 2016 campaign seeked to create a wave of awareness about actions taken to reduce mortality around the world. UNISDR intended to use the opportunity of October 13 to tell the world to implement the Sendai Framework in order to reduce mortality and improve health outcomes from disasters. (IDDR, 2016) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2016. 2.1.18 Home safe home, 2017. This was the second year of the Sendai Seven Campaign, which used International Day for Disaster Reduction to draw attention to the seven targets of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. In this year the theme was Home safe home which is target B of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. In terms of public health this means reducing the number of people who are injured or ill or experience other short, medium and long term health consequences due to disasters. The slogan for IDDR 2017 Home Safe Home reflects the need to protect dwellings from hazards in order to reduce the number of people who were displaced by natural hazards (24.2 million in 2016) and conflict (6.9 million) in 2016. (IDDR, 2017) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2017. 2.1.19 Reducing the economic loss of disasters, 2018. This was the third year of the Sendai Seven Campaign, which used International Day for Disaster Reduction to draw attention to the seven targets of the Sendai Framework (SFA) for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, which was adopted as a global plan to reduce disaster losses by UN Member States. The overall theme of the International Day for Disaster Reduction (IDDR) in 2018 was reducing the economic loss of disasters which is Target (c) of the Sendai Framework. (IDDR, 2018) Source; United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2018. 3.0 INTERNATIONAL DAY FOR DISASTER REDUCTION 2019. The 2019 edition continues as part of the "Sendai Seven" campaign, centred on the seven targets of the Sendai Framework. This year will focus on Target (d) of the Sendai Framework: Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and education facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030. According to António Guterres 2019 -UN Secretary-General he marked that Making infrastructure more climate-resilient can have a benefit-cost ratio of about six to one. For every dollar invested, six dollars can be saved. This means that investing in climate resilience creates jobs and saves money." 3.1 Main goal Use International Day for Disaster Reduction on 13 October 2019 to: Provide an advocacy platform to all governments, local governments, disaster management agencies, UN agencies, NGOs, Red Cross and Red Crescent societies, civil society groups, businesses, academic and scientific institutions, and other interested groups to highlight the economic consequences of failure to manage disaster risk, particularly for vulnerable groups in low and middle-income countries (UNDRR, 2019) 3.2 Main objectives Promote and encourage events at national and community level to mark implementation of the Sendai Framework with a focus on target (d); Highlight the impact of resilient critical infrastructure on human safety and wellbeing notably in the education and health spheres; Partner with the insurance industry to highlight what goes wrong with critical infrastructure when it is not risk informed; Highlight global analysis of the state of critical infrastructure; 3.3 Key messages 1. If its not risk informed, its not sustainable, and if its not sustainable it has a human cost. 2. Increasing exposure of critical infrastructure and economic assets has been the major cause of long-term increases in economic loss from disasters and shows that the economic incentives for location in many hazard-prone areas continue to outweigh the perceived disaster risks. 3. Increasing exposure of people and economic assets has been the major cause of long-term increases in economic loss from disasters and shows that the economic incentives for location in many hazard-prone areas continue to outweigh the perceived disaster risks. 4. Investment in disaster risk reduction generally represents a large saving in terms of avoided losses and reconstruction costs with cost benefit ratios ranging from 3:1 to 15:1 or higher in some cases. 5. Integrating disaster risk reduction into investment decisions is the most cost-effective way to reduce risk. 6. Investing in disaster risk reduction is a precondition for developing sustainably in a changing climate. 7. If risk reduction can be included explicitly in national development and climate adaptation plans and budgets, all parts of government are then able to programme risk reduction actions and investments. 8. The adoption of hazard resistant building standards, planning and environmental regulations and the overall strengthening of risk governance through institutions and systems, protect people from the risk of vulnerable infrastructure. 9. Weak implementation and enforcement mechanisms are common problems in countries where most urban development is informal. 10. When critical infrastructure fails, businesses experience indirect losses, as production, distribution and supply chains are interrupted; consequently, production, output and throughput are reduced. 11. Resilience has to be embedded in the business planning for new cities and towns given the plethora of risks which rapid urbanization and population growth in disaster-prone parts of the world can bring in their wake. 12. The high structural vulnerability of housing, schools, infrastructure and other assets in poor rural areas exposed to floods, tropical cyclones and earthquakes also leads to major mortality in disasters. 13. Low-intensity damage to housing, local infrastructure, crops and livestock, which interrupt and erode livelihoods is extensively spread within countries and occurs very frequently. 3.4 Expected outcomes -Greater global awareness of the Sendai Framework and a key target -Greater focus on risk informed investment in critical infrastructures in national and local strategies for disaster risk reduction -Greater understanding of how disaster risk is created by failed efforts to ensure critical infrastructure is resilient -Public discourse to promote attitudinal and behavior change towards DRM 4.0 Why Do We Mark International Days? The overall objective of the IDDR celebration is to create awareness and promote a culture of disaster reduction, including disaster prevention, mitigation and preparedness in the regions, and promote best practices at regional level and across all sectors to reduce disaster with a particular focus on reducing the numbers of people at risk and disaster loses. International days are occasions to educate the public on issues of concern, to mobilize political will and resources to address global problems. To celebrate and reinforce achievements of humanity participation in disaster risk reduction activities. The existence of international days predates the establishment of the United Nations, but the UN has embraced them as a powerful advocacy tool. International Day for Disaster Reduction encourages every individual, community and government to take part in building more disaster resilient communities and nations. 5.0 Conclusion Given the high death tolls, notably in earthquakes and tsunamis, it is especially important that the government should take care to ensure that schools, markets, transport networks and hospitals are built to last by ensuring that location and hazard appropriate planning regulations and building codes are enforced, as following the Kagera earthquake in 2016 that caused severe destructions of the mentioned infrastructures and deaths of people. The message that IDDR 2019 carries restores the information on constructing infrastructures that lasts for long period of time also those enables rehabilitation and easy restorations of damages after a disaster strike. Other areas of critical infrastructure which help to achieve other Sendai Framework targets include potentially lifesaving utilities and services such as food and water supply, energy, telecommunications and transport. REFERENCE IDDR, reports 2002 to 2018. IFRC East Africa & Tanzania Red Cross National Society, (2016). Kimaryo, J. (2016), Disaster Management Director, Tanzania Red Cross National Society. Pelling,M. (2000). The Vulnerabilities of Cities: Natural Disasters and Social Resilience. Earthscan Publication Ltd United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2002) United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2009), Risk and Poverty in a changing Climate: Invest Today for a Safer Tomorrow. 2009 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction, United Nations: Geneva. WHO/EHA, 2002. Disasters and Emergencies, Definitions Training Package. Pan African Emergency Training Centre, Addis Ababa. Wisner, B. (2003). At Risk: Natural Hazards, Peoples Vulnerability and Disasters. 2nd ed. Routlegde Publications WMO, International Meteorological Vocabulary, WMO-NO: 182, draft second edition, Geneva, Switzerland, 1990. World disaster reduction campaign -unisdr 2002. World disaster report 2009, Focus on early warning, early action: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Cross Crescent Societies
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5 Comments
Greetings zefania
I hope you are doing well
Thank you so much for this report
It's awesome! Vet well written and in detail
I hope to read more reports from you
Green cheers
Regards
Asmita Gaire
Posted 29-01-2020 12:00
Hello Zefania
Thank you for the detailed explanation about IDDR. I, too have never heard about the day. Reading your report, there is no question about the necessity of the day. Due to the accelerating climate change, there seems to be more and more natural disasters happening around the world. In addition to stopping the global warming, some disasters are inevitable, so it's important to minimize the damage from those disasters. I hope more nations and organizations get involved in IDDR.
Thank you for the informative report.
Posted 02-11-2019 23:03
Hello Zafania
I do hope that you are fine and doing great with your works.
Thank you for your report about INTERNATIONAL DAY OF DISASTER REDUCTION (IDDR)
Green Cheers from Nepal :)
Keep writing great reports.
We are eager to read more reports from you.
Regards,
Kushal Naharki
Posted 31-10-2019 21:28
Thank you
Posted 30-10-2019 19:30
Hey Zefania,
It's Lisa once again.
I didn't know that there was a day called IDR!
Your report is truly informative in that it contains all sorts of relevant information that is helpful for people like myself, who had never been aware of this day.
Yet, I think it would be best if you could write your own report, with your own words rather than simply aggregating data.
Looking forward to improvements!
Posted 30-10-2019 16:22