Effective microorganisms technology is the method that has been developed by the Professor T.Higa of Japan in which a mixed culture of beneficial, micro organisms particularly photosynthesis, lactic acid forming bacteria, yeasts, actinomycetes and fermenting fungus are applied as an inoculants to enhance the microbial activities and diversity of the soils. At the decade of 1980, he was  succeed to produce the compost from the use of the various micro organisms. He divided the micro organisms into three categories i.e positive microorganisms for the regeneration, negative micro organisms for the decomposition and degeneration and one is opportunist micro organisms that carry out the both functions. The most important effective micro organisms are Lacto bacillus plantarum, Rhodopseudomonas, Saccharomyces ceevisiae, Candida utilis, Aspergillus oryzae etc

The human population is increasing day by day as a result of which requires intensifying the existing agricultural production system, though the production is high due to the use of the various synthetic as well as chemical fertilizer but it has the wide spread impact on the environment and the surrounding conditions. According to the survey of Asian Development Bank in Nepal, it has been found that family having  the per capita income of Rs. 40,000 they make the solid waste of approximately Rs. 5000. There is the maximum solid waste in the terai region of the Nepal than the hill region of the Nepal. Office alone contributes 1.4 kg waste, schools 4 kg, shops 1.4 kg, hotels and restaurant 5.7 kg waste per day. Out of total waste 50-70% waste are from the household ( 66% biodegradable waste, 12 % plastics and 9%  paper waste), waste from the office and the organization encompasses ( 45% paper waste, 22% bio degradable waste, 21 % from the plastics), municipal waste constitutes (56% bio degradable waste, 16% plastics, 16% paper). This data proves that there is the maximum possibility of the production of the compost from all the degradable waste which also reduces the probability of the landfills and the pollutions.

 

The role of the effective microorganisms is more and due to the diverse and the multihued beneficial impact of the effective organisms.  EM has the great role to reduce the toxic effect of the ammonia and the reduction in the acidity of the soil.  The foul order due the tri methyl is also reduced by EM.  Agricultural production is mainly depends on the health of soil, which is a measure of a complex set of biological, chemical and physical interactions driven by microorganisms. Effective microorganism enhances the beneficial microbial population in the soil for sustainable crop production as well as the maximization in the yield along with the positive impacts on the environment.. EM will improve the structure of the soil, increase its fertility and radically improve biological diversity, suppress soilborne pathogens, fixes the nitrogen in soil and enhances nutrient uptake, accelerates the decomposition of organic waste, residues and composting, increases beneficial minerals in organic compound, enhances the activities of indigenous microorganism and boosts the strength of plants and yield of crops. EM works by being dominant over other soil microbes. As a result, this encourages the bulk of the other microbes in the soil to follow them and in doing so suppress the activity of the smaller group of negative or opportunistic microbes. Effective microorganisms can help to improve and maintain the soil chemical and physical properties. 

  EM can be used in various form such as:

-           EM -1 : with the irrigation water

-           EM- 5 :  EM-1 with vinegar, spirit, molasses, garlic, Chilly, Neem. This is  fermented for 30 days then used for the small vegetable crop which has the effective role in the controlling of the various insects and pest in the crop.

-          EM Bio pesticide : EM + mustard cake, fish powder

-           EM- X : EM + soya sauce is mixed to make the probiotics. This probiotics consists of the maximum amount of the minerals, vitamins and enzymes

-            EM Ceramix : EM + special soil are fermented  and are produced. These are used for maintaining  of the water quality and the health of the animals,

Thus the application of EM in the soil has the various positive effects as:

Ø   Development of the crop

Ø   Reduction of the foul odor

Ø   Improvement in the decomposition of bio degradable wastes

Ø   Improve the water quality

 

Joshi, H., duttand, S., Choudhary, P., & Mundra, S. L. (2019). Role of Effective Microorganisms (EM) in Sustainable Agriculture. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(03), 172–181. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.803.024

Olle, M., & Williams, I. H. (2013). Effective microorganisms and their influence on vegetable production - A review. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 88(4), 380–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2013.11512979

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