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Insects: The Indispensable Regulators of Agroecosystems.

by Ajaya Poudel | 19-04-2020 23:12 recommendations 0

INSECTS: THE INDISPENSABLE REGULATORS OF AGROECOSYSTEMS

 

    Derived from a Latin word, ¡®insectum¡¯  meaning ¡®to cut into¡¯, insects (Class: Hexapoda under Phylum Arthropoda of the Animal Kingdom) are the most diverse and abundant organisms on Earth consisting of 3 pairs of jointed legs, body divided into 3 segments namely Head, Thorax, and abdomen, respiring through trachea and possessing a chitin rich exoskeleton called cuticle. Out of about 1.35 million identified species of living organisms around the world, about 925,000 of species are identified to be insects i.e. about 70% of the total number of species of organisms on Earth but it is estimated that 5 to 7 times as many are yet to be discovered. It is estimated that at any instant of time there are over 10 quintillion (10 ¡¿ 1018) insects on Earth. ( EO Wilson quoted on Howstuffworks, 2019).

   Being the most diverse, abundant and dominant species among the living organisms, an ecosystem cannot be considered complete without insects. Entomology is rooted in nearly all human cultures from prehistoric times, primarily in the context of agriculture. In terrestrial ecosystems insects play key ecological roles in diverse ecological processes such as nutrient cycling, seed dispersal, bioturbation [(Fincher, Monson and Burton, 1981), (De Groot, Wilson and Boumans, 2002), (Nichols et al., 2008)], pollination [(Gabriel and Tscharntke, 2006), (Slade et al., 2016)], and pest control [(Landis, Wratten and Gurr, 2000), (Brewer and Elliot, 2004), (Bell et al., 2008), (Lonsdorf et al., 2009)]. In conventional agriculture, production practices focus on few preferred species and their specific requirements, yet the potential services of many other species are ignored. (Hoehn et al., 2008)

   The insect-plant relationship is the dominant biotic interaction. (Samways, 1993) and approximately 50% of the insect species are herbivorous, with most herbivorous species feeding on plants in one or a few related plant families  (Schoonhoven, Van Loon and Dicke, 2005). The amount of damage sustained is quite small as plants appear to have broad‐spectrum physical and chemical defenses against insect herbivores and pathogens (Giron et al., 2018). Herbivorous species damage 18% of the world agricultural production ( Losey and Vaughan, 2006). Being the indispensable and vital regulators of an agroecosystem, insects are responsible for different types of functions and activities aiding in improving the resiliency and ultimately sustainability of the agroecosystem. Since crop production is almost impossible without the ecosystem services provided by the insects, some of the major ecosystem regulating activities performed by different types of insects in the agroecosystems are discussed below:

 

Pollination: Insects are regarded as excellent pollinators. 80% of the total pollination activities are performed by insects whereas about 80% of the total insect pollination is contributed by bees. Some other major pollinator insects are Beetles, Butterflies and Flies. Insects therefore contribute to plant population and diversity directly and animals directly through pollination. (Jankielsohn, 2018)

 

Bio-controlling activities: Some insects remain at the higher trophic levels and feed on other insects esp. phytophagous insects as a predators or parasitoids of such insects and help in controlling their population in the agroecosystem. For eg. Lady bird beetles feed on Aphids and mealy bugs, Praying Mantis feed on crickets and grasshoppers, etc.

Trichogramma parasitoid wasps attack Lepidopteran eggs and feed them from inside out.

   On the other hand, not all phytophagous insects are pests of agricultural crops due to their host-specific nature which facilitates in controlling weeds from the agricultural fields and reducing competition with the main crops increasing the yield. For eg. Mexican Beetles feed on Parthenium, Octotoma scabripennis feed on Lantana camara, etc.

 

Nutrient Recycling: Some of the insects feed on dead and decaying plants, animals and animal excreta and help in recycling of nutrients in the soil. For eg. Dung beetles feed on dung (eg. Cattle dung) and contribute to the soil health by increasing the Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, and magnesium content of the soil (Macfadyen et al., 2015) and to the environment as well by reducing GHG emissions by 7 to 12%. (Nichols et al., 2008). Beetle larvae, flies, ants and termites clean up dead plant matter and break it down for further decomposition by microbes. Ants and termites, the soil macrofauna in dry and hot regions, play an important role in the increase of mineral nitrogen in the soil. (Evans et al., 2011).

 

   These were the major ecosystem services provided by insects in the agroecosystem leading towards increased production and sustainability. Insects as vital members of an agroecosystems and acting as regulators and contributors to the ecosystem function on all levels, perform critical activities for the provision of ecosystem services. Thus, keeping this fact in mind, agricultural ecosystems should be managed in such a way that the beneficial insects performing vital ecosystem service activities and the harmful insects affecting the production and sustainability of the agroecosystem are regarded as a fundamental part of the management strategies.

 

References:

  • 1.      Bell, J.R., Traugott, M., Sunderland, K.D., Skirvin D.J., Mead, A., Kravar-Garde, L., Reynolds, K., Fenion, J.S. and Symondson, W.O.C. (2008) Beneficial Links for the Control of Aphids: The Effects of Compost Applications on Predators and Prey. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 1266-1273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2008.01479.x

  • 3.      De Groot, R.S., Wilson. M.A. and Boumans, R.M.J. (2002) A Typology for the Classification, Description and Valuation of Ecosystem Functions, Goods and Services. Ecological Economics, 41, 393-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00089-7

  • 4.      Evans, T.A., Dawes, T.Z., Ward, P.R. and Lo, N. (2011) Ants and termites Increase Crop Yield in Dry Climate. Nature Communications, 2, Article No. 262. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1257

  • 7.      Giron DDubreuil GBennett ADedeine FDicke M et al. (2018Promises and challenges in insect‐plant interactionsEntomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 166319– 343.
  • 8.      Hoehn, P., Tscharntke, T., Tylianakis, J.M. and Steffan-Dewenter, I. (2008) Functional Group Diversity of Bee Pollinators Increases Crop Yield. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275, 2283-2291. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.0405

  • 13.  Macfadyen, S., Kramer, E.A., Parry, H.R. and Schellhorn, N.A. (2015) Temporal Change in Vegetation Productivity in Grain Production Landscapes: Linking Landscape Complexity with Pest and Natural Enemy Communities. Ecological Entomology, 40, 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12213
  • 14.  Nichols, E., Spector, S., Louzada, J., Larsen, T., Amezquita, S. and Favila, M.E. (2008) Ecological Functions and Ecosystem Services Provided by Scarabaeinae Dung Beetles. Biological Conservation, 141, 1461-1474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.011

  • 15.  Samways, M.J. (1993) Insects in Biodiversity Conservation: Some Perspectives and Directives. Biodiversity & Conservation, 2, 258-282. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00056672

  • 16.  Schoonhoven, L.M., Van Loon, J.J.A. and Dicke, M. (2005) Insect-Plant Biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 400 p.
  • 17.  Slade, E.M., Riutta, T., Roslin, T. and Tuomisto, H.L. (2016) The Role of Dung Beetles in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Cattle Farming. Scientific Reports, 6, Article No. 18140.

 

 

Parasitic wasp laying eggs into a Caterpillar Ladybird beetle feeding on Aphids A Dung Beetle Pollinator insects (A bee(left) and a Hoverfly(right)) A picture showing insect-plant interactions in Agroecosystems.

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10 Comments

  • Dibya Bhatta says :
    Hello,
    Its me Dibya Bhatta from Nepal,Currently living in South Korea for my research Internship.
    It was really nice reading your report!
    keep writing and shining!! :)
    If you have any queries related to this internship, You can find me on twitter as :
    https://twitter.com/Divine_Tweets
    stay safe from coronavirus!
    keep working for mother earth to hand it to future generations!
    Green cheers!

    Posted 27-04-2020 10:31

  • Ajaya Poudel says :
    Hello everyone,
    Thank You for your responses. Stay Home, stay safe.
    Green cheers!
    Cordially,
    Ajaya Poudel
    Posted 26-04-2020 14:05

  • Sahara Shrestha says :
    Hello Ajaya!
    Great report. Enjoyed reading it.

    Posted 23-04-2020 03:35

  • Pooja Gyawali says :
    Hello Ajaya!!!
    So informative report.Thank you for sharing.
    Green Cheers!!:
    Posted 22-04-2020 15:43

Prakriti  Ghimire

  • Prakriti Ghimire says :
    Hello Ajaya,
    Thank you so much for sharing the report.
    Posted 22-04-2020 14:22

  • sandesh thapa says :
    Hello Ajaya,
    Nice report and enjoyed learning it.
    Thanks for sharing.

    Regards,
    Sandesh!!
    Posted 20-04-2020 20:35

Sonika Pariyar

  • Sonika Pariyar says :
    Hello Ajaya!!
    I hope you are doing great!!

    I enjoyed going through your report!
    Insects are one of the important component of agroecosystem.Insects like bee,lac are be important for different products .

    Keep on sharing!!

    GREEN CHEERS!!

    Regards,
    SONIKA
    Posted 20-04-2020 17:19

  • Heemani Singh says :
    Hello Ajaya,
    Thank you for sharing such an informative report.
    Keep writing
    Regards
    Heemani
    Posted 20-04-2020 12:45

  • Sudha Bhandari says :
    Hello Ajaya,
    Thank you so much for sharing the report.
    Insects are vital part of earth.
    keep writing
    Regards
    Sudha
    Posted 20-04-2020 09:53

  • Asmita Bhusal says :
    Hello Ajaya!
    Insects are not always a nuisance, rather substantive organisms here on earth.
    Thank you so much for sharing.
    Keep on writing.
    Regards
    Asmita.
    Posted 20-04-2020 00:48

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