The operation of an ecosystem depends upon linkages that exist between the components of the biophysical environment: the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere.

Generally, ecosystems change because of location, extent, biodiversity and linkage.

Ecosystems change when they are controlled or disturbed. This may be the result of human or natural factors and may be intentional or inadvertent. Intentional changes can produce a number of unforeseen consequences, which creates the need for responsible management.

The management strategies needed to protect ecosystems (including those used by indigenous peoples) are at a local, national, regional, continental and global level.

The management strategies to preserve and conserve ecosystems at risk recognise the need to manage whole ecosystems. This may involve strategies that range from total preservation to sustainable development.

Management strategies change over time. This is due to changes in environmental quality, technological advances, economic, social and political attitudes.

Ecosystems have a range of values that are dependent upon the maintenance of genetic diversity, between and within ecosystems. These values may be: economic, e.g. present and future use of resources, social, e.g. intrinsic value and environmental, e.g. protecting land and water resources and permitting natural change to proceed unhindered.